This post has some technical characteristics. For this reason, before starting, we want to understand what DNA is and how it works, in a generic way.
Let’s take a simple cell as an example. At the center of the cell, we find the nucleus.
The nucleus contains Chromatids. They are threads that are usually tangled, when present in a regular active cell. When the cell is going to divide, chromatids begin a process called Condensation of the threads.
It means that chromatid material will gradually start coiling like a telephone wire.
As a result, they get the structure of a typical chromosome. So chromatids and chromosomes are the same. The different names are for the different structures. A chromosome is made of genes, they make up the whole structure. Genes are also made up of some units: large molecules called DNA.
DNA has a double helix structure. DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. The most common form of the DNA double helix is also called B-form DNA.
If we unwinding the double helix we can see the chemical structure inside. Each strand is a polynucleotide the strand is made up of many individual units called nucleotides.
A nucleotide has three components: the five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four possible nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine.
the two DNA strands are bonded by the nucleotides. Each nucleotide preferentially binds with its complementary base on the opposite strand.
Thymine preferentially pairs with adenine, and cytosine preferentially pairs with guanine.
Nucleotides bind chemically with hydrogen atoms.
The geometry of the AT or TA and GC or CG base pairs is the same, allowing for symmetry and base stacking in the helix.
DNA is used to direct protein synthesis.
the DNA double-helix contains the digital code which directs the cell in all aspects of the operation.
A protein complex called RNA polymerase travels down the DNA strand.
The RNA unbinds the double helix. As the nucleotides are unbound, complementary nucleotides are attached to them.
RNA generates a strand that attaches to the unbound strand of the DNA.
As it moves down the strand it carefully unwinds the DNA.
In the DNA sequence, we can find a stop code. When RNA reaches this code It exits the RNA.
Now we have a new single strand that is a copy of the original one from the DNA.
This is known as ‘messenger RNA transcript’ or M-RNA.
Once M-RNA is out of the RNA, it heads toward another machine called the ribosome.
As the messenger RNA transcript passes through the ribosome, the process of translation begins.
Instructions encoded on it, are used as a template to build the protein.
Depending on the type of nucleotide, different molecules, called amino acids, are attached to them.
Amino acids have a nucleotide on one side, and a base on the other. Different bases are attached one to another.
This means that a sequence of nucleotides is translated into a sequence of bases. So on the other side, the protein is being synthesized.
As the protein chain exits the ribosome it is met by other molecules named chaperones. Chaperones prevent premature folding of the protein chain. They escort the protein to a barrel-shaped machine called a chaperonin.
This machine helps fold the protein into the precise shape required to perform its function.
Although it is unclear how the chaperonin achieves this, we do know that accurate folding is essential,
in order for the protein to accomplish its intended function.
Once the protein is complete it is released into the cytoplasm to do its job.
Recently it has been discovered that the genome has a more complex functioning than previously thought. This is evidence in favor of the Bible and denies evolution instead. In fact, the more complex a machine is, the more difficult it becomes to make it work, changing its parts at random. A machine with a high level of precision no longer works if we make even a small modification that is not well thought out. The human genome is the most complex operating system that has ever existed. super-complex machines do not arise from random changes. A team of biophysicists compared the Linux operating system with the genome of a bacterium called E. coli. The genome is much more effective than Linux. In fact, it contains more low-level and fewer high-level instructions. For Linux, it is vice versa. In the future, operating systems will be able to increase their efficiency, thanks to this study.
While computer operating systems require a development team, require hours and hours of programming and debugging, and sometimes crash; the genome, which was designed by the omniscient mind of God, works in the human body and do not fail in its purpose.
Computer programs work through lines of code. These work on one dimension only. Programs are therefore one-dimensional. The genome, on the other hand, works in four dimensions.
The first dimension is the DNA sequence.
The human genome is about 1.8m long. All of it fits into the cell nucleus. The genome is therefore incredibly folded back on itself.
But DNA doesn’t just work through the simple linear sequence of nucleotides: the Second Dimension is the interaction network.
Some sections of DNA interact with others. This interaction creates a network of links between various sections of the same DNA.
One of the functions of DNA is to generate proteins. To function properly, proteins must be created very carefully. Protein synthesis is a process that involves not only DNA but also other molecules such as RNA and enzymes. This system is very complex, and there are interactions between each of them. For example, there is a part of DNA that is not directly involved in protein synthesis.
Evolutionists thought it came from evolutionary processes and was useless because it was simply inherited from previous evolutionary states. Today it has been discovered that, instead, this part of the DNA generates a small molecule called microRNA, which is used for the regulation of the protein that is being synthesized. For example, one type of microRNA can prevent the protein from being synthesized completely, entering the chemical sequence to give a signal to stop the construction process.
It has also been discovered that DNA is capable of synthesizing 300,000 different proteins through 22,000 genes. In the cell, genes are cut. The parts obtained from this process are used at different times and under different circumstances to produce the many different proteins.
This amazing process of interaction is part of the second dimension of the program encoded in the DNA.
The third dimension is represented by the position of the DNA in 3D space.
The linear sequence of DNA is made in such a way that, when folded within the genome, some parts interact with others.
As in the previous case, some of the parts, which evolutionists considered junk, were designed by God to work in the 3D architecture of the genome, since it is folded inside the nucleus of the cell.
The fourth dimension is that of changes over time.
Well, both the linear sequence, the interaction network, and the interactions in 3D space change over time.
The genome dynamically reprograms itself.
If we consider the analogy with the code of a program, it is like thinking of writing a program that is able to change itself over time, without failing.
God and the best of engineers. Only God is able to create such a complicated and perfect system. Man, as a being created in the image of God, is able to think and create complex projects. But, when he develops them, there are always mistakes to correct. The more technology advances, the more difficult it becomes to produce error-free software. Currently, most software has well-identified problems. This is possible thanks to the contribution of users, who report bugs through their feedback. But in some cases, it is not possible to fix some bugs, which are well-known within a certain software. This happens due to design errors made at the root. If the manufacturer fixed the bug, they would have to rewrite the whole program from scratch in another way. God, on the other hand, creates perfect projects, which work the first time around and don’t fail. Chance has no creative power because it has no intelligence. Chance only creates chaos.